Anticipating the Future of Health and Medicine-The National Academy of Medicine Prepares for Its Next 50 Years.

This Viewpoint from the president of the National Academy of Medicine looks back at the academy's accomplishments and looks forward to the possibilities it hopes to achieve to better medicine and society.

The relationship between fear of COVID-19, psychological well-being and life satisfaction in nursing students: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to examine the relationship between fear of COVID-19, psychological well-being, and satisfaction with life in nursing students. METHODS: A descriptive and cross-sectional design was used in this study. The study was carried out at a university Faculty of Health Sciences Department of Nursing between May 17 and June 25, 2021. The JASP 0.14.1. Software was used for statistical analysis. Kruskal-Wallis test was used for the comparison of three or more groups, Mann-Whitney U test was used for the comparisons of two groups, and Bonferroni-corrected Mann-Whitney U test was used for post hoc analysis. To determine the risk factors for "The Fear of COVID-19 Scale," linear regression analysis with backward stepwise modeling was used. RESULTS: The mean score of the students was 18.48±6.87 from the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, 38.42±12.60 from the Psychological Well-Being Scale, and 13.12±4.97 from the Satisfaction with Life Scale. According to the results of the regression model established, independent variables explained 12.5% of the dependent variables, but the regression model established was found to be statistically significant. A one-unit increase in the satisfaction with life scale increased the fear of COVID-19 scale score by 0.224 units, and this increase was found statistically significant (p = 0.030) as a result of linear regression analysis used with backward stepwise modeling. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, it was found that the students' fear of COVID-19 was below the medium level, their psychological well-being was above the medium level, and that their life satisfaction was below the medium level.

Effects of physical activity and exercise on well-being in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was discovered in China and characterized by the World Health Organization as a pandemic in March 2020. Many countries worldwide implemented stringent social isolation as a strategy to contain virus transmission. However, the same physical distancing that protects against the spread of COVID-19 may negatively impact mental health and well-being of the population. The present study sought to shed light on this phenomenon by assessing the relationship between physical activity and subjective well-being (SWB) among individuals who were subjected to social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected in Brazil between March 31 and April 2, 2020. All of the volunteers agreed to participate by digitally checking the option of agreement after reading consent terms. The inclusion criteria were participants who had been in social isolation for at least 1 week and agreed to the consent terms. Three instruments were applied. A questionnaire was constructed for this study that assessed the participants' exercise routines. The Psychosocial Aspects, Well-being, and Exercise in Confinement (PAWEC) scale was created by researchers of this study that assessed the relationship between well-being and physical activity during social isolation. The Brazilian Portuguese-adapted version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) was also used. A total of 592 participants (371 female, 220 male, 1 transgender), 14-74 years old (M = 32.39 years, SD = 10.5 years), reported being in social isolation for an average of 14.4 days (SD = 3.3 days). Well-being that was related to the practice of physical activity during quarantine was linked to an established routine of physical activity before the social isolation period. Participants who already practiced physical exercises previously and reported continuing the practice during the quarantine period had higher positive affect scores. Participants who engaged in physical activity without direct guidance only during the quarantine period had higher negative affect scores. Participants who already practiced physical activity felt more motivated to continue practicing physical activity during the social isolation period, resulting in positive affect, unlike participants who began exercising only during quarantine. Our results suggest that negative affect can occur among individuals who only just begin exercising during social isolation, indicating that physical activity should be habitual and not only occur during periods of social isolation. Engaging in exercise only during social isolation may contribute to an increase in malaise.

On shaping expectations of "new normals" for living in a post-COVID-19 world.

I begin with my impressions of a narrative of redemption that is caught up in the formation of new environmental, social, and political aspirations for the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. I then reflect on, first, pre-pandemic scholarship on "biosecurity" and, second, taking up a variation of the syndemic approach to understanding the COVID-19 pandemic. I end by arguing that we should not expect to live with "new normals" for living in a post-COVID-19 world that leaves intact "old normals" that have historically contributed to the rise of anthropogenic environmental harms and inegalitarian social arrangements in the world today.

Entrelaces entre a saúde, sustentabilidade e meio ambiente / Interlaces among health, sustainability and environment / Entrelaces entre la salud, sustentabilidad y medio ambiente

Objetivo: Conhecer o que vem sendo descrito sobre a saúde, sustentabilidade e meio ambiente. Métodos: Revisão integrativa realizada de março a abril de 2019. Os termos: saúde, sustentabilidade e meio ambiente. Os filtros: ser editado nos últimos 5 anos; estar relacionado com a conservação de recursos naturais; estar disponibilizado na íntegra e ser artigo científico. Análise utilizada foi de conteúdo, orientada por Bardim. Resultados: Foram selecionados 13 artigos, com seu conteúdo organizado nas categorias: Abrangência da saúde, que retrata a multiplicidade de fatores que interferem na saúde. Olhando para a sustentabilidade, que traz a perspectiva do desenvolvimento social a partir da reutilização dos recursos. E, Questões que influenciam o meio ambiente, apresentando o indivíduo como parte da natureza. Conclusão: Foi demostrando a importância de cada tema, a ligação natural dos mesmos, e como se cuidando de um, automaticamente se tem o reflexo nos outros

Objective:This research aims at knowing what has been described about health, sustainability and environment. Method:This integrative review was conducted from March to April 2019. The terms selected according the DeCS: health, sustainability and environment. The filters used are the following: have been edited in the last 5 years; have been related with the conservation of natural resources; have been available entirely and have been scientific article. Results: It has been found 13 articles, been its content organized in the following categories: Range of health, which describes the multiplicity of factors that interfere in health. Looking at the sustainability, which brings the perspective of social development from the reutilization of the resources. In addition, Issues which influence the environment, presenting the individual as part of nature. Conclusion: The results have allowed the constitution of a framework of knowledge about health, sustainability and environment

Objetivo: conocer lo que viene siendo descripto sobre la salud, sustentabilidad y medio ambiente. Métodos: Esta revisión integrativa fue realizada de marzo a abril de 2019. Los términos seleccionados conforme el DeCS: salud, sustentabilidad y medio ambiente. Los filtros utilizados: ser editado en los últimos 5 años; estar relacionado con la conservación de recursos naturales; estar disponible en la íntegra y ser artículo científico. Resultados: Fueron encontrados 13 artículos, siendo su contenido organizado en las categorías: Inclusión de la salud, que retrata la multiplicidad de factores que interfieren en la salud. Mirando hacia la sustentabilidad, que trae la perspectiva del desarrollo social a partir de la reutilización de los recursos. Y, cuestiones que influencian el medio ambiente, presentando el individuo como parte de la naturaleza.

Recent quantitative research on determinants of health in high income countries: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Identifying determinants of health and understanding their role in health production constitutes an important research theme. We aimed to document the state of recent multi-country research on this theme in the literature. METHODS: We followed the PRISMA-ScR guidelines to systematically identify, triage and review literature (January 2013-July 2019). We searched for studies that performed cross-national statistical analyses aiming to evaluate the impact of one or more aggregate level determinants on one or more general population health outcomes in high-income countries. To assess in which combinations and to what extent individual (or thematically linked) determinants had been studied together, we performed multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis. RESULTS: Sixty studies were selected, out of an original yield of 3686. Life-expectancy and overall mortality were the most widely used population health indicators, while determinants came from the areas of healthcare, culture, politics, socio-economics, environment, labor, fertility, demographics, life-style, and psychology. The family of regression models was the predominant statistical approach. Results from our multidimensional scaling showed that a relatively tight core of determinants have received much attention, as main covariates of interest or controls, whereas the majority of other determinants were studied in very limited contexts. We consider findings from these studies regarding the importance of any given health determinant inconclusive at present. Across a multitude of model specifications, different country samples, and varying time periods, effects fluctuated between statistically significant and not significant, and between beneficial and detrimental to health. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that efforts to understand the underlying mechanisms of population health are far from settled, and the present state of research on the topic leaves much to be desired. It is essential that future research considers multiple factors simultaneously and takes advantage of more sophisticated methodology with regards to quantifying health as well as analyzing determinants' influence.

Effective coverage measurement in maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health and nutrition: progress, future prospects, and implications for quality health systems.

Intervention coverage-the proportion of the population with a health-care need who receive care-does not account for intervention quality and potentially overestimates health benefits of services provided to populations. Effective coverage introduces the dimension of quality of care to the measurement of intervention coverage. Many definitions and methodological approaches to measuring effective coverage have been developed, resulting in confusion over definition, calculation, interpretation, and monitoring of these measures. To develop a consensus on the definition and measurement of effective coverage for maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health and nutrition (MNCAHN), WHO and UNICEF convened a group of experts, the Effective Coverage Think Tank Group, to make recommendations for standardising the definition of effective coverage, measurement approaches for effective coverage, indicators of effective coverage in MNCAHN, and to develop future effective coverage research priorities. Via a series of consultations, the group recommended that effective coverage be defined as the proportion of a population in need of a service that resulted in a positive health outcome from the service. The proposed effective coverage measures and care cascade steps can be applied to further develop effective coverage measures across a broad range of MNCAHN services. Furthermore, advances in measurement of effective coverage could improve monitoring efforts towards the achievement of universal health coverage.

The Biology of Physiological Health.

The ability to maintain health, or recover to a healthy state after disease, is an active process involving distinct adaptation mechanisms coordinating interactions between all physiological systems of an organism. Studies over the past several decades have assumed the mechanisms of health and disease are essentially inter-changeable, focusing on the elucidation of the mechanisms of disease pathogenesis to enhance health, treat disease, and increase healthspan. Here, I propose that the evolved mechanisms of health are distinct from disease pathogenesis mechanisms and suggest that we develop an understanding of the biology of physiological health. In this Perspective, I provide a definition of, a conceptual framework for, and proposed mechanisms of physiological health to complement our understanding of disease and its treatment.

Documentary research on social innovation in health in Latin America.

BACKGROUND: Identifying social innovation in health initiatives, promoting quality of life through them, and transforming current health conditions demand the knowledge, comprehension and appropriation of the theoretical and methodological developments of this concept. Academic developments in social innovation have mainly occurred in and been documented for English-speaking countries, although relevant experiences have been implemented in Latin America. In this article, we describe and analyze how social innovation in health is being approached and understood in this region. MAIN TEXT: To identify the theoretical and methodological developments of social innovation in health between 2013 and 2018, a scoping review with a mixed approach was carried out. Eighty texts in English, Spanish and Portuguese were selected for a process of reflexive analysis of intra and intertextual reading. The approaches identified in the studied initiatives were complementary. The most applied approaches were innovation in health, technological innovation in health and social innovation, each with twelve publications, and social innovation in health and ecohealth with ten and seven publications respectively. The approaches showed a general interest in reaching the goals of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the Alma Ata Declaration and the Ottawa Letter. CONCLUSIONS: The social innovation in health approach in Latin America adopts educational strategies, identifies risk factors, optimizes resources, promotes interculturality, participation, community empowerment, and enhances intersectorality and interdisciplinarity. As an approach, process, program or solution, social innovation in health is a conceptual category under construction. This research provides a baseline for other systematic reviews on the subject.